The world faces significant challenges related to water management, exacerbated by climate change. Floods, droughts, pollution and other water crises have caused damage and affected billions of people globally. Around 1.8 billion people are at risk of flooding globally, while 1.5 billion people face risks from droughts, especially in rapidly growing urban areas. At the same time, unsustainable urbanization patterns have led to the degradation of natural assets like green areas and water bodies, further exacerbating already existing vulnerabilities.

Climate change intensifies water scarcity, increases the frequency of extreme weather events, and places infrastructure under stress. Resilient water and sanitation systems require integrated approaches involving adequate housing, improved asset management, nature-based solutions, and strategic planning to adapt to these hazards. 

Effective utilities are prioritising upstream conservation and exploring alternative sources, such as rainwater harvesting, desalination and wastewater reuse, especially in drought-prone regions. These measures could not only ensure water availability but also mitigate impacts on sanitation systems and hygiene. 

Vulnerable communities, particularly in informal settlements, are disproportionately affected due to poor infrastructure and limited resources. Climate-resilient infrastructure and targeted support are critical to ensuring equitable service delivery. 

Water and sanitation operators play a central role in climate adaptation and mitigation. They need to invest in robust grey infrastructure, such as reinforced pipes, treatment plants and reservoirs, while incorporating blue and green solutions like wetlands and vegetated filters. These nature-based approaches offer cost-effective ways to maintain services during climate shocks and promote ecosystem health.